fig1

Figure 1. How does a single ip injection of LPS induce long-lasting brain inflammation and produce progressive neuronal loss? LPS reaches the liver via the portal vein circulation and causes it to secrete large amounts of various cytokines, such as TNFα. Some of these cytokines can pass through BBB by receptor-mediated mechanisms to activate microglia and produce additional proinflammatory factors to cause neuron damage. DAMP released from damaged neurons further reactivate microglia to from a self-propelling vicious cycle to maintain chronic neuroinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration. (This figure was modified from our previous paper with permission^[136]).